Your search

[A1] “Exuberancia selvática” (Naval, 2010: 119), “maraña” (Prieto de Paula, 2010: 28), archipiélago de “poetas-isla” (Sánchez, 2015: 6), “convivencia sosegada de idearios” (Morante, 2016: 12), “diáspora” (Floriano y Rivero Machina, 2016: 225), “insobornable pluralidad” (Díaz, 2016: 11): son algunos de los términos y metáforas que la academia ha empleado a la hora de referir la multitud y variedad de autores y propuestas que desde hace quince años jalonan el escenario poético de la España actual. Puestos a elegir un concepto para proyectar y pensar este horizonte, nosotros preferimos, sin embargo, la imagen del desierto. Por dos motivos. Primero, porque este es un paisaje en permanente y rápida (re)construcción cuyo ecosistema resulta análogo al funcionamiento del campo poético, esto es: un espacio habitualmente considerado como un lugar inhóspito e inexplorado por unos pocos sujetos que en realidad se rige por unas dinámicas vertiginosas de visibilización/invisibilización que ocultan bajo la arena un gran registro de especies. En segundo lugar, porque, si cambiamos el foco de observación, la crítica (tanto por su cercanía temporal a los más recientes creadores como por la avalancha indiscriminada de publicaciones, editoriales y antologías de nuevos nombres, entre otros muchos motivos) todavía no ha abordado las dunas de la poesía actual con una visión global y panorámica. Sí ha dado constancia de su presumible diversidad, sobre todo a través de estudios parciales, aunque sin adentrarse en sus detalles. Somos conscientes, por tanto, de que este paraje puede parecer caótico, inconexo o efímero en un primer vistazo –de hecho, quizás lo sea, como la propia orografía de un desierto–. Ahora bien, creemos que un estudio sistemático podría revelar huellas, rutas y senderos sobre los que no se ha focalizado, e incluso destacar tendencias y puntos de inflexión en la poco transitada, pero bulliciosa, historia de la poesía española joven de los últimos años. En este sentido, los párrafos que siguen se ofrecen como un intento de exploración –y palimpsesto para futuros mapas– de sus coordenadas esenciales; también de las temporales.

Werne Wolf iniciava el seu treball “The lyric: Problems of Definition and Proposal for Reconceptualisation” (2005: 21-56) de forma irònica, però també amb lucidesa. L’obria amb una cita molt coneguda de Samuel Beckett, que recentment un tenista suís, Stan Wawrincka, s’ha tatuat a l’avantbraç: “Ever tried. Ever failed. No matter.// Try again. Fail again. Fail better” (Worstward Ho). De fet, potser el títol més escaient o l’advertència que haurien d’incloure tots els estudis de teoria poètica eixiria d’un escurçament del seu “La poesia: problemes”. No obstant, l’ambigüitat del nostre, “L’espai del poema”, permet plantejar alguns dels temes que es tracten en les pàgines d’aquest volum i esbossar uns alters.

Este volumen nace con el propósito de producir conocimiento crítico sobre las prácticas poéticas en el espacio público, sus funciones y su eficacia dentro de éste. A la inestabilidad funcional de la poesía y lo lírico en la actualidad se une la noción de espacio público, entendida tanto desde su vertiente conceptual, filosófica y social, como desde su vertiente material, física, ligada a la (re)presentación escénica. Espacios, sujetos e instituciones se redefinen de la mano de esta combinación. Así, la inclusión de la espacialidad en una teoría poética actualizada, la constitución de nuevos sujetos y subjetividades y la identificación de públicos y prácticas en torno a los conceptos de performatividad e intervención constituyen los vectores fundamentales de este libro. Sin acotación de ningún tipo en términos lingüísticos, nacionales o interartísticos, los trabajos aquí recogidos se reparten entre lo teórico-crítico y metodológico, los estudios de caso y las reflexiones en primera persona, teniendo como objetivo último la valoración de la incidencia de la poesía en el espacio público y sus efectos socio-políticos.

En una reflexión general sobre los procesos y prácticas culturales emergentes, Wlad Godzich subrayó la imposibilidad de estudiarlos de acuerdo con las categorías hegemónicas y convencionales, para las que en realidad suponen un desafío. La delimitación de la noción de poesía en nuestro tiempo, habida cuenta de su estatus multifuncional e inestable, es una tarea compleja. Refiriéndonos a la hibridación genérica y discursiva podríamos condensar la mayor parte de sus reformulaciones, causadas también por la aceptación de lo popular, lo masivo o lo tecnológico, y por la potencialidad crítica de la subjetividad y el sujeto. En línea con lo señalado por Godzich, tales cambios exigen nuevas perspectivas y metodologías de análisis, que vayan más allá de las derivadas de genologías de base apenas textual. Las poéticas que son objeto de estudio en este libro no serán acotadas en términos lingüísticos, nacionales o interartísticos; de forma correlativa, se presta atención a sistemas de significación no (solo) verbales, al acoger análisis sobre prácticas performativas, grafiti e intervención, poesía fractal o formatos televisivos, privilegiando siempre la investigación de su incidencia como interacción y mediación pública, además de sus efectos socio-políticos.

Un dels poemes més famosos de W. H. Auden, la seva elegia a W. B. Yeats (“In Memory of W. B. Yeats”) conté un vers que difícilment podria haver estat escrit en èpoques anteriors, “perquè la poesia fa que res no passi”; en el mateix poema, just al començament, el poeta dóna una altra imatge que enllaça amb un dels altres grans poemes seus, “Musée des Beaux-Arts”, “Far from his illness/ The wolves ran on through the evergreen forests,/ The peasant river was untempted by the fashionable quays” (W. H. Auden, 1966: 141-143). Molt similar a la imat ge del dolor i del sofriment aliens quan en l’ècfrasi del quadre de Brueghel tot passa en plena normalitat en el moment que Ícar s’enfonsa en l’aigua. Potser en algun instant es pot arribar a pensar que la funció de la poesia no fa que passi res (la relació amb el poema de Yeats és amb la seva activitat política en pro de la independència d’Irlanda) i s’hauria de quedar en la con templació de la bellesa, aquella contemplació desinteressada, plaer desinteressat del que parlava Kant. És en un altre ordre de fets que la poesia no pot “actuar”, no té una incidència en la realitat que, en aquest cas sí, podria arribar a reflectir. Ambdós poemes d’Auden apareixen l’any 1939.

Esta tese de doutoramento pretende nun primeiro momento afondar na historia e análise do grupo poético Rompente, así como no seu contexto social e cultural. A partir deste marco examínase o concepto vangarda e como se desenvolveu no espazo temporal da Transición á democracia e autonomía de Galiza. Desta forma, a dixitalización e establecemento da obra de Rompente en soporte dixital facilitará o posterior estudo e dotará a comunidade investigadora dunha serie de documentos que, en moitos casos, ficaron inéditos ou descatalogados, polo cal o seu acceso era difícil de encamiñar. Estes pretenden focalizar o discurso de vangarda na Transición e na construcción do campo literario galego nesta altura. Así, o marco cronolóxico que abrangue a investigación é o que corresponde ao período de 1975 (nacemento da formación) até 1983 (disolución do grupo). A partir das novas interpertacións verbo da Transición revísase o campo literario galego, especialmente no que atinxe ao xénero lírico, mais dende un prisma socioliterario. Paralelamente, o marco teórico empregado encádrase nas dinámicas sociolóxicas de P. Bourdieu, E. Sanguineti e X. González-Millán. Este modelo de traballo permítenos entender mellor o desenvolvemento do campo, o rol da vangarda como repertorio a camino entre ideoloxía, política e praxe literaria, e tamén para desglosar a historia do grupo Rompente da forma máis exhaustiva posible. A revisión de conceptos chave como literatura nacional, vangarda, posmodernidade ou vangarda posmoderna, historiografía ou desconstrucción forman parte da escrita da tese. Non se busca nesta investigación unha reflexión dende a teoría da literatura destes conceptos. Forman parte do modelo teórico e explícanse en documento anexo, así é como se aportan apuntamentos verbo das dinámicas destes termos e como foron entendidos e practicados neste momento da historia do campo. O grupo Rompente amosou no seu devalar tres tipos de escrita: a) ensaio, b) creación poética e c) performance e produción radiofónica. Desta forma, desenvolveranse dous tipos de análise paralelos. Por una banda imos atender a produción teórica (sempre en cotexo coa teorías contemporáneas e practicadas en campos paralelos), para nun seguinte capítulo entender mellor a praxe literaria emanada do grupo. Atendendo a este último espazo de análise imos destacar tres tipos de texto. En primeiro lugar teriamos o texto poético estrictu senso, no que se analizan os documentos publicados (Crebar as liras, Follas de Resistencia Poética, Silabario da turbina, Triloxía dos Tres Tristes Tigres e A dama que fala), o manifestó Fóra as vosas sucias mans de Manoel Antonio! e tamén aquelas colaboracións illadas en revistas da época. A performance sería a segunda liña de traballo do grupo, da cal daremos conta a partir das análises practicadas por axentes críticos como A. Kaprow ou R.-L Goldberg, pretendendo demostrar como na Transición se deron experiencias vanguardistas que empatan coas dinámicas máis innovadoras na esfera internacional. En último lugar focalizaremos a experiencia radiofónica con Radio Esquimal e aqueles textos inéditos que rescatamos para dixitalizar e dar a coñecer. Estes tamén os imos pór en diálogo con outras experiencias paralelas noutros campos como o traballo desenvolvido por S. Beckett. A nivel xeral, desenvolveranse diferentes interpretacións do fenómeno literario de vangarda e do concepto de ideoloxía. Considero que as teorías da socioloxía da literatura e as dos Cultural Studies poden amosar un rendemento óptimo, xa que se intenciona describir como o grupo Rompente desconstrúe socio-literariamente e ideoloxicamente a vangarda mundial para o campo literario galego.

La performance poética que Batato Barea realizó en la presentación de la galería del Rojas, en 1989, para inaugurar la muestra de Liliana Maresca Lo que el viento se llevó colocó en primer plano aquello que Mladen Dolar (2007) denominó como “política de la voz”. El uso paródico que hizo el clown-travesti-literario respecto de la historia de la declamación de poesía estableció diferentes modos de fuga de aquella corporalidad rígida, proveniente de los procesos de homogeneización de la lengua de comienzos del siglo XX y reiterada como emblema del disciplinamiento de los cuerpos durante el período dictatorial. El poema recitado, -“Sombra de conchas” de Alejandro Urdapilleta- y la performance de Batato Barea hacían entrar, a través del repertorio gestual histórico de la declamación de poesía, nuevos posicionamientos sobre la subjetividad, teniendo como horizonte la puesta en primer plano de la teatralidad en distintas artes durante la posdictadura argentina. Paralelamente, junto a la escucha de esta voz paródica, puede rastrearse, en las performances del clown y del grupo Las coperas, un registro ambivalente, que absorbía los tonos imaginarios que la literatura ya había volcado sobre sí para ese entonces.

This study presents an analysis of the appropriation of public space by cultural producers in Cuba, with a focus on art collectives, in particular, OMNI Zona Franca from Alamar, east of Havana. Based on primary research conducted with the artists, cultural producers, and scholars, I discuss OMNI’s work in the context of the history and formation of a nascent movement for civil society in Cuba, locating the collective’s work within the matrix of alternative and African diasporic cultural production. The latter is framed as part of a historical continuum and in the context of the discussion of race that emerged in Cuba’s public sphere during the 1990s with a concurrent movement among black Cuban artists to address issues of race. Situating OMNI’s work in a longer history of Afro-Cuban cultural production in Cuba as well as within the history of art collectives this study demonstrates how OMNI’s participation in the public sphere relates to social practice, appropriation of space, alternativity, and the forging of a wide coalition of civil and artistic alternatives among diverse communities. I draw on discourses on the production of space, particularly those of Henri Lefebvre and Raymond Williams, and argue that the unique and specific history of Alamar provided a fertile ground for alternative culture where multiple and countercultural expressions could be incubated and take root. The struggle over public space and the attempts by artists to create an autonomous public sphere in Cuba have led to continual conflict with the state. Using Gramsci’s theorization of civil society as incorporating both the hegemonic and contestatory realms, I contend that the level of contestation in OMNI Zona Franca’s work should be seen as counter-hegemonic expression aimed at altering the status quo. Producing new social relations, the collective’s practice is offered as an example of how art and cultural production is inaugurating alternative counter-spaces in the context of a demand for a more inclusive and representative Revolutionary public sphere.

Una biblioteca con libros de historia, ilustraciones, colecciones de VHS, cartucheras de DVDs, compilaciones periodísticas, testimonios, revistas literarias, fotografías, grabaciones sonoras, filmes. Un exhibidor de objetos, disfraces, instrumentos musicales, muñecos. Solicitadas en diarios, invitaciones a eventos, reconstrucciones de espacios, mapas de ciudades, circuitos virtuales en 3D. La imaginación es capciosa, ya que aun cuando efectivamente la reproductibilidad técnica hubiera podido hacer una copia y un registro absoluto, la performance tampoco estaría allí. Su ausencia se distingue de la ruina; el acontecimiento no regresa, no simplemente porque haya pasado el tiempo, sino porque no estaba hech para perdurar.

INTRODUÇÃO / 01 1° Capítulo: Percursos Urbanos na Arte de Rua / 06 1.1 O Berço da Arte de Rua / 07 1.2 Filhos dos Guetos / 12 1.3 Passos para a Fama / 16 1.4 Guerra de Estilos / 18 1.5 A Expansão nas Mídias / 24 1.6 O Mercado do Graffiti / 27 2° Capítulo: 2 Ato Transgressor: O Artista na Rua / 32 2.1 O Risco Vale a Pena / 33 2.2 “Declare o Seu Amor à Cidade, São Paulo 450 anos” / 34 2.3 Caminhos na Contramão / 38 2.4 XARPI, Profissão Perigo / 42 2.5 A Pixação pela Porta da Frente / 50 2.6 Escrita Urbana / 57 3° Capítulo: 3 Circuitos Locais / 60 3.1 Graffiti Made in Brasil / 61 3.1.1 Artistas do Graffiti / 64 3.2. O Graffiti com Sotaque Carioca / 70 3.2.1. Graffiti de Periferia / 75 3.3. Antídoto Contra a Pixação / 77 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS / 84 APÊNDICES / 90 Circuitos Locais - Galeria de Fotos / 91 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS / 102 *** Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo contribuir para a compreensão da origem das intervençõesurbanas através do grafite contemporâneo, sua expansão no Brasil e de que forma aporta aocircuito das instituições oficiais da arte. Orientamos o escopo de nossa pesquisa no sentido deacompanhar a expansão do fenômeno do grafite como arte de rua no Brasil desde anos 1970 até o presente momento; o processo de crescimento dos dois vieses do grafite (pichação egrafite) nas cidades de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro; de que forma o grafite se consagra comoum novo gênero artístico junto ao circuito institucional; e como o ensino do grafite vem sendovinculado a projetos sociais. Partindo desse recorte recorremos à análise da origem desse movimento nos Estados Unidos; a expansão da pichação nas grandes cidades brasileiras apartir de um contexto urbano, e o grafite como uma expressão juvenil que se impõe nessecenário; assim como aspectos e características da pichação em São Paulo e os processos demidiatização e hibridação cultural. Partindo de uma pesquisa documental, bibliográfica e decampo, buscou-se verificar as diferenças e contrastes entre a pichação e o grafite; quais osmétodos de intervenção, técnicas, materiais e estilos; a análise histórica dos artistas pioneiros no grafite na década de 1970 em São Paulo; assim como, o início do grafite no Rio de Janeironos anos 1980. Por fim, procurou-se entender o propósito de iniciativas que visam a oferta decursos e oficinas de grafite em projetos destinados aos jovens de comunidades de baixa rendano Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Abstract This study aims at contributing to an understanding of the origin of the urbaninterventions through the contemporary graffiti, its development in Brazil, and how itcontributes to the circuit of the official institutions of Art. We have decided to carry out ourresearch in order to monitor the expansion of the graffiti phenomenon as a street art in Brazilfrom the 1970s up to the present time, the process of the growth of the two types of graffiti(writings and picture graffiti) in São Paulo and in Rio de Janeiro; how graffiti has establisheditself as a new artistic genre within the institutional circuit; and how the teaching of graffitihas been connected to social projects. Considering the information collected, we have done ananalysis of the origin of this movement in the United States; the expansion of the graffiti inbig Brazilian cities from an urban context, and the graffiti as a youth expression which hasimposed itself in this scenario; as well as aspects of the writings ( pichação)in São Paulo, andthe processes of mediatization and cultural hybridization. From a documental, bibliographicaland field research, we have attempted to point out the differences and contrasts betweenwritings and picture graffiti; which were the intervention methods, the techniques, thematerials, the styles; the historical analysis of the pioneer artists in the 1970s in São Paulo; aswell as the beginning of graffiti in Rio de Janeiro in the 1980s. Finally, we have tried tounderstand the purpose of the initiatives which aim at offering courses and workshops aboutgraffiti in projects for young people from low-income communities in the state of Rio deJaneiro.

Introduction The experiences of democratization in Latin America and Eastern Europe in the 1980s and early 1990s brought attention to the forces of civil society as key actors in the demise of authoritarian rule (O’Donnell and Schmitter 1986; Cohen and Arato 1992; Bernhard 1993; Linz and Stepan 1996). More recent literature questions the inherently pro-democratic character of civil society activism (Warren 2000; Armony 2004; Jamal 2007). In both lines of argument, societal associations or social movements are at the core of the inquiry. However, Hirschman’s category of “voice,” which encompasses as much articulation of discontent as it does actions of protest (Hirschman 1970), reminds us that for civil society activism to evolve, something fundamental is necessary: an arena in which voices can be raised and heard and in which government and society interact. The question of civil society, thus, is intrinsically linked to the conditions, contours, limitations and possibilities of communication, media and the public sphere. Ever since the term “Facebook revolution” (Smith 2011) was coined for the social mobilizations that led to the downfall of the Mubarak regime in Egypt, this link between communication, civil society activism and democratization has received great media attention. However, most of this attention focused on the mobilizing potential of the digital media at the moment of rupture. This chapter takes a contemporary perspective as it seeks to contribute to our understanding of the Internet’s impact on civil society dynamics in a non-pluralist context through a diachronic comparison. Based on an empirical study of the Cuban case, the argument is as follows. Prior to the entry of the Internet, the civil society debate centered around the quest for higher degrees of autonomy for associations and institutions within the framework of the state-socialist regime. In contrast, the new media enabled the emergence of a new, less state-dependent type of public sphere; as a consequence, the civil society debate has become increasingly centered on the assertion of individual citizenship rights within andvis-à-vis the state. The reformist civil society quest of the pre-Internet period failed in part because of its character as behind-the-scenes-struggle, shielded from public view, which impeded a broader mobilization of protest when the state decided to rein in the incipient push for civil society. In contrast, the current drive for civil society indeed finds strong public repercussion; for its democratizing potential to come to fruition, the crucial fault-line is to connect web-based voice to public debate and social action in the country’s physical off-line environment. By taking Cuba as object of empirical analysis, this study selects a case with a particularly thorough form of authoritarian hold over the public sphere: a formal monopoly of the Cuban state on mass media, established in the historic experience of twentieth-century state-socialism and upheld even two decades after the fall of the Berlin Wall. At the same time, Cuba is strongly exposed to transnational influences and a transnational articulation of voice, due to a large number of emigrant and diaspora communities that remain highly attached to their country of origin (Fernández 2005). The approach chosen to analyze the impact of the Internet on state-society relations is through a diachronic comparison of the Cuban development in two distinct periods: the pre-Internet period, i.e., Cuba in the early to mid 1990s, when the Cold War alignment had already become history but web-based technologies did not yet have a major presence on the island; and more than a decade later, since the mid to late 2000s, when web-based media had made their entry on the island. Formal data on Internet access and use are scarce and unreliable. For 2009, the Cuban Ministry of Informatics and Communications gives the figure of 1,450,000 Cubans, or 12.7 percent, as “Internet users” (ONE 2009)1 without specifying the precise uses this number includes. The figure certainly should not be mistaken for access to the World Wide Web, which remains severely restricted. Instead, the figure most probably includes all Cubans with some kind of (even if only sporadic) access to closed domestic networks or with access to e-mail services. At the same time accounts are shared and, as for other goods and services, also Internet access has a black market side that escapes official statistics. Moreover, Internet content “travels” by USB stick also to many who do not have access themselves. For both these periods, the study relies on the analysis of numerous primary documents, as well as newspapers and secondary literature. In the case of the post-Internet phase, in addition to the above, documents published on the web have been a primary source of analysis. While some authors link issues of civil society and Internet voice merely to the political opposition, this chapter does not limit its focus to this divide but analyzes as much societal actors working within the established institutions of the socialist state as well as those outside of it. In both periods under scrutiny field trips to the island were undertaken in which actors from a broad range of positions were interviewed. While these interviews are not cited directly due to political sensitivities, they provide an invaluable background for the trends described.

Resumo A presente dissertação se desenvolve acerca de uma das formas de arte característica da paisagem urbana contemporânea, o graffiti1. O fenômeno analisado remete tanto ao registro do cotidiano urbano na Antiguidade, como à ação subversiva de grupos marginais na década de 1970, em Nova Iorque. Além de apresentar uma breve abordagem histórica, caracterizando o graffiti como uma arte da rua, que vem ocupando espaços oficiais de exposição, este estudo, baseado em pesquisa desenvolvida na cidade de Vitória, capital do Estado brasileiro do Espírito Santo, analisa a inserção do graffiti na paisagem do lugar, como um fenômeno urbano insurgente. O estudo reconhece, então, a amplitude crescente da difusão da estética inerente ao graffiti em ambientes e mídias diversos, optando, porém, por abordá-lo em seu meio original: o espaço urbano, com destaque para seu aspecto transgressor. A pesquisa envolve identificação, classificação e análise das manifestações de graffiti estampadas no espaço urbano de Vitória a partir de percurso marcado por intensos fluxos cotidianos. O registro do graffiti por meio de levantamento cartográfico e fotográfico foi adotado como o principal suporte para analisar a inserção do fenômeno na cidade. Em caráter complementar, contribuíram para a compreensão da atividade artística em questão entrevistas realizadas com seus praticantes. O resultado do estudo reconhece no graffiti, entre outros aspectos, uma outra urbanidade que insurge a partir de um dos modos de vivenciar a cidade, deslocado das práticas oficiais urbanas, embora gradativamente cooptadas. Abstract This dissertation takes as its subject one of the most characteristic art forms on the contemporary urban landscape: graffiti. The topic in question deals as much with the depiction of daily urban life in the age of antiquity as the subversive actions of marginal groups in 1970s New York. Beyond presenting a brief historical overview, portraying graffiti as an art of the street which has come to occupy established exhibition spaces, this study, based on research carried out in Vitória, the capital city of the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo, analyses the placement of graffiti in the landscape of its locale, as an insurgent urban phenomenon. The study thus acknowledges the growing amplitude of the dissemination of the aesthetic inherent within graffiti in diverse platforms and mediums, opting however to explore it in its original environment: the urban space, with focus on its transgressive aspect. The research involves identification, classification and analysis of the manifestations of graffiti stamped upon the urban space of Vitória via a route marked by intense daily activity. The registering of graffiti by means of cartographic and photographical study was adopted as the principal support to analyse the presence of the phenomenon in the city. Complementing this, interviews carried out with graffiti artists further contribute to the comprehension of the artistic endeavour. The outcome of the study recognises in graffiti, amid other aspects, another urbanity which comes from one of the ways to experience the city, displaced from yet gradually integrated into official urban practices.

This book explores the themes of displacement, exile and migration in the work of the most important Argentine poets since the 1950s. The book outlines the poetry of key authors in the second half of the twentieth century as well as writing by younger poets at the turn of the century. It includes generous selections of the original poems with new translations into English by the author.

During the twentieth century, two movements in Cuban art played a critical role in creating an expanded space for societal debate and cultural expression: the artistic avant-garde and the Afro-Cuban movement. Initially flourishing in the late 1920s and early 1930s, these collective efforts took on new forms in the changed environment after 1959. After the Revolution, conditions for cultural production changed with the official position that art should serve ideological functions, but both avant-garde and Afro-Cuban production continued, at the risk of conflict with the state. In the face of a restrictive state that sought to control such expressions, the Afro-Cuban movement and avant-garde art collectives developed along parallel, and sometimes intersecting, lines.

After centuries of symbolic and political oppression, Galicia has been recognized by the Spanish constitution as a historic nationality. However, despite a certain degree of political autonomy, Galician identity is threatened by increasing homogenization in the economic, social, cultural and linguistic fields. In the early 1990s the aesthetic movement Bravú constructed an aesthetic community, sustained by an ideological project, and with the aim to, on the one hand, prevent Galician culture from becoming folklore stuck in a time warp and, on the other hand, to validate Galician identity. The Bravú artists refused the historically inherited outsider position and contributed to a reinvention of Galician identity and of a political ideal within a cosmopolitan, internationalist framework and by reversing social stigmas through their works and performances.

Centred around Antonio Gramsci's concept of hegemony, this paper employs a critical globalisation theory framework to argue that the 1990s notion of ‘changing the world from below', understood as resistance to capitalist globalisation through a ‘transnational civil society', requires re-theorisation in the light of the contemporary developments in Our America. I make a methodological case for a neo-Gramscian approach to argue that ‘counter-hegemony', together with an adequate theorisation of the state and power, should be the preferred concept over the inherently apolitical and under-theorised ‘alter-globalisation'. Whilst the alter-globalisation movement's ideational and normative challenges to hegemony (captured in ex-British prime minister Thatcher's There-Is-No-Alternative-Doctrine, TINA) are undisputed, the transformation of the global geographies of power through local actors alone has remained illusory. Rather, the experience of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America - Peoples' Trade Agreement (ALBA-PTA) strongly suggests that counter-hegemonic globalisation theory will have to consider the roles of both the ‘state-in-revolution' and the ‘transnational organised society'. This will be shown through the analysis and theorisation of the ALBA-PTA as a multi dimensional inter and transnational counter-hegemonic regionalisation and globalisation project that operates across a range of sectors and scales.

The concept of ‘resistance' has turned into a critical tool in different areas of political, philosophical and sociological thought. At the same time, the notion seems to be as productive as it is diffuse. ‘Resistance' is used in very specific contexts in scientific or technical disciplines, and with extreme flexibility in social and cultural studies. In the latter two areas, the concept is often used without prior reflection on its characteristics and limitations. In What is Philosophy?, Deleuze provides a possible framework for conceiving cultural and political practices of resistance as positions of force, when he defines contraction as ‘a contemplation that preserves the preceding in the following'. The purpose of this article is to understand political ecologism in its activist and poetical dimensions, in light of a Deleuzian interpretation of resistance.

Professionalization and political engagement are usually placed as incompatible in the case of journalism and the mainstream press, resulting in an identification of cultural resistance exclusively with alternative/amateur vehicles. I will use the concept of journalistic field as introduced by Pierre Bourdieu to review these assumptions and discuss a form of political resistance that acts in one's own area of knowledge, is not overtly political and whose effects are not immediately accountable for. Drawing examples from my research on two literary newspapers published in the 1950s in Brazil and Uruguay, this paper will focus on the implications of didacticism for literary criticism as a genre of newswriting. The analysis of these newspapers will lead to a reflection on two main issues: a) the conflict between the professionalization and democratization of literature; and b) the definition of resistance as necessarily an action that is against something. The article will reconsider education in journalism as a form of resistance, taking into account its risks of becoming political indoctrination and commercial manipulation, but emphasizing its potential as a way of expanding access to literature.

This article offers a pragmatic and relational analysis of the controversial heuristic of cultural resistance and presents some of the problems that affect the production and distribution of the poetic discourses of resistance and emancipation. To that end, it focuses on the incorporation of the historicity and the historic contingency of conflict as key elements of the subjectification constituted by the poem of resistance as “poem for the political”. It also explores the applicability of certain notions common to the contemporary critical tradition, as developed by scholars such as Badiou, Mouffe, Rancière, Bal and Žižek.